It has been claimed that he addicted the women in his surgical experiments to morphine, only providing the drugs after surgery was already complete, to make them more compliant. To test one of his theories about the causes of trismus in infants, Sims performed experiments where he used a shoemaker's awl to move around the skull bones of the babies of enslaved women. The period during which Sims operated on female slaves, between 18, was one during which the new practice of anesthesia was not universally accepted as safe and effective. The women- one of whom was operated on 30 times- eventually died from infections resulting from the experiments. Marion Sims, who is often referred to as "the father of gynecology", performed surgical experiments on enslaved African women, without anaesthesia.
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